100+ biomarkers in one blood test.

The total number of immune cells in a sample of blood, counted as part of the standard blood count.

The number of oxygen-carrying cells in a sample of blood.

The iron-containing protein inside red cells that carries oxygen around the body.

The share of blood made up of red cells, measured by volume.

The average size of a single red blood cell.

The average amount of hemoglobin carried inside one red blood cell.

How concentrated the hemoglobin is inside red cells, on average.

How much red blood cells vary in size from one another.

The number of platelets, the cell fragments that make blood clot.

The average size of a platelet.

The share of white cells that are neutrophils, the immune cells that reach an infection first.

The share of white cells that are lymphocytes, which handle antiviral defence and long-term immunity.

The share of white cells that are monocytes, which clear debris and dead cells.

The share of white cells that are eosinophils, which rise with allergy and parasitic infection.

The share of white cells that are basophils, the rarest of the five types.

The number of neutrophils per unit of blood, rather than their share of the total.

The number of lymphocytes per unit of blood, rather than their share of the total.

The number of monocytes per unit of blood, rather than their share of the total.

The number of eosinophils per unit of blood, rather than their share of the total.

The number of basophils per unit of blood, rather than their share of the total.

White cells released into the blood before they finished maturing, which the analyser counts separately.

Neutrophils divided by lymphocytes, read as a broad signal of inflammatory balance.

Platelets divided by lymphocytes, a second broad inflammatory ratio.

Platelets multiplied by neutrophils and divided by lymphocytes, folding three counts into one inflammatory index.

All the cholesterol carried in the blood, added together.

Cholesterol carried on the particles that deposit it in artery walls.

Cholesterol carried on the particles that return it to the liver.

The main fat circulating in blood, and the form the body stores spare energy in.

One of these proteins sits on every particle that can lodge in an artery wall, so this counts those particles directly.

The main protein on HDL particles, so it counts the particles that carry cholesterol away.

An LDL-like particle whose level is set largely by inherited genetics rather than by diet.

A protein the liver releases in response to inflammation anywhere in the body, measured at the low end of the range.

Total cholesterol less HDL, leaving every particle thought to drive plaque.

Total cholesterol divided by HDL, weighing all cholesterol against the fraction being cleared.

LDL divided by HDL, setting the depositing particles against the clearing ones.

Triglycerides divided by HDL, a pairing that also tracks with insulin resistance.

ApoB divided by ApoA1, counting the particles that deposit cholesterol against those that remove it.

The base-ten logarithm of triglycerides divided by HDL, in matched molar units.

Total cholesterol less LDL and HDL, leaving what rides on triglyceride-rich remnant particles.

Blood sugar measured on a fasting sample, so the figure reflects the baseline rather than the last meal.

The share of hemoglobin with sugar attached to it, which tracks average blood sugar over about three months.

The hormone that moves sugar out of the blood, measured on a fasting sample.

Fasting insulin and fasting glucose combined into a single estimate of insulin resistance.

Triglycerides and fasting glucose combined on a logarithmic scale, a second estimate of insulin resistance.

HbA1c restated as an average blood sugar, in the units a glucose meter reads.

An enzyme concentrated in liver cells, released into the blood when they are stressed or damaged.

An enzyme found in both liver and muscle, read next to ALT to tell the two apart.

An enzyme that comes mainly from the bile ducts and from bone.

A bile-duct enzyme that also responds to alcohol and to some medications.

The pigment left when red cells are broken down, counted in full.

The share of bilirubin the liver has already processed for excretion.

All the protein circulating in blood, albumin and globulins together.

The most abundant protein in blood, made by the liver, which holds fluid inside vessels and carries other molecules.

Total bilirubin less the processed share, leaving what the liver has yet to handle.

Total protein less albumin, leaving the antibodies and transport proteins.

Albumin divided by globulin, read for the balance between the two rather than either alone.

AST divided by ALT, a pattern that says more than either enzyme on its own.

A waste product of muscle that healthy kidneys clear at a steady rate.

What is left after protein is broken down, cleared from the blood by the kidneys.

The main salt in blood, which governs how much water the body holds on to.

The mineral that carries the electrical signal in nerve and muscle, the heart included.

The salt that moves with sodium and helps hold the body's acid-base balance.

The buffer that keeps blood from turning acidic.

The mineral that builds bone, and that nerve signalling and muscle contraction both depend on.

A mineral used in hundreds of enzyme reactions, including the ones that release energy.

A mineral that pairs with calcium in bone and forms part of the body's energy currency.

An estimate of how fast the kidneys are filtering, worked out from creatinine with a validated equation.

Urea divided by creatinine, read together to separate a kidney cause from simple dehydration.

The pituitary's instruction to the thyroid, and the first number read when thyroid function is in question.

The unbound share of the thyroid's main storage hormone, which is the part available to tissues.

The unbound share of the active thyroid hormone that sets metabolic rate.

The protein that stores iron, and the closest single measure of how much iron the body holds in reserve.

The iron circulating in the blood at the moment the sample is taken.

How much iron the blood's transport proteins could carry if every one of them were full.

A vitamin the body needs to build red cells and to maintain nerves.

A B vitamin used to make DNA and new cells.

The circulating store of vitamin D, and the form measured to judge where someone stands.

A mineral used by immune cells, by wound healing, and by hundreds of enzymes.

Serum iron as a percentage of total binding capacity, showing how full the transport system is.

Binding capacity less the iron already being carried, leaving the spare capacity.

All the testosterone in blood, the bound and the unbound together.

The protein that binds sex hormones and so decides how much of them is free to act.

The main form of estrogen. What counts as expected depends on sex, on age, and where relevant on where someone is in their cycle.

A pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation and drives testosterone production. Expected levels depend on sex, age and cycle timing.

A pituitary hormone that drives egg and sperm development. Expected levels depend on sex, age and cycle timing.

A pituitary hormone known for milk production, which also affects fertility and libido in both sexes.

An adrenal hormone the body converts into other sex hormones, and one that declines steadily with age.

The stress and waking hormone, collected in the morning because it follows a daily curve and a later sample means something different.

The unbound share of testosterone, worked out from total testosterone and SHBG.

Total testosterone set against SHBG as a percentage, a simpler stand-in for free testosterone.

The colour of the sample, which shifts with hydration, diet and medication.

Whether the sample is clear or cloudy.

How concentrated the urine is, which tracks how hydrated someone was.

How acidic or alkaline the urine is.

Protein in the urine, which healthy kidneys keep in the blood.

Sugar in the urine, which appears once blood sugar passes what the kidneys can reabsorb.

The by-products of burning fat for fuel, which show up during fasting, low-carbohydrate eating or illness.

Blood or free hemoglobin in the urine, at levels below what the eye can see.

Bilirubin in the urine, which does not normally reach it.

A product of bilirubin broken down by gut bacteria, some of which returns to the urine.

A by-product of certain bacteria, which points to a urinary infection when it is present.

An enzyme released by white cells, a second sign of infection in the urinary tract.

White cells counted under the microscope in the urine sediment.

Red cells counted under the microscope in the urine sediment.

Cells shed from the lining of the urinary tract, often a reflection of how the sample was collected.

Bacteria seen under the microscope in the sediment.

Cylinders formed in the kidney tubules and washed out whole, named for the shape they hold.

Mineral crystals in the sediment, some of them ordinary and some worth following.

Mucus threads from the lining of the urinary tract.

Yeast or fungal cells seen in the sediment.

Any further sediment finding the laboratory reports from the same slide.